# Hammer retroazimuthal projection

(c) GFDL, CC BY-SA 3.0
The full Hammer retroazimuthal projection, centered on the north pole.
The full Hammer retroazimuthal projection centered on Mecca, with Tissot's indicatrix of deformation. Back hemisphere has been rotated 180° to avoid overlap.

The Hammer retroazimuthal projection is a modified azimuthal proposed by Ernst Hermann Heinrich Hammer in 1910. As a retroazimuthal projection, azimuths (directions) are correct from any point to the designated center point.[1] Additionally, all distances from the center of the map are proportional to what they are on the globe. In whole-world presentation, the back and front hemispheres overlap, making the projection a non-injective function. The back hemisphere can be rotated 180° to avoid overlap, but in this case, any azimuths measured from the back hemisphere must be corrected.

Given a radius R for the projecting globe, the projection is defined as:

{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}x&=RK\cos \varphi _{1}\sin(\lambda -\lambda _{0})\\y&=-RK{\big (}\sin \varphi _{1}\cos \varphi -\cos \varphi _{1}\sin \varphi \cos(\lambda -\lambda _{0}){\big )}\end{aligned}}}

where

${\displaystyle K={\frac {z}{\sin z}}}$

and

${\displaystyle \cos z=\sin \varphi _{1}\sin \varphi +\cos \varphi _{1}\cos \varphi \cos(\lambda -\lambda _{0})}$

The latitude and longitude of the point to be plotted are φ and λ respectively, and the center point to which all azimuths are to be correct is given as φ1 and λ0.

• Craig retroazimuthal projection
• List of map projections

## References

1. ^ Snyder, John P. (1993). Flattening the Earth: Two Thousand Years of Map Projections. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 228–229. ISBN 0-226-76747-7. Retrieved 2011-11-14.